语法奠基课一　学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能

目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，这不仅对语法填空和短文改错等题型的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。

众所周知，句子有若干个组成部分，分别承担着不同的作用，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种，它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚，各司其职，共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界”。

 

一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台

在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。

[例1] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________is not good for the health.

[练1] (2015·安徽高考改编)________ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.

二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行

谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

Her father works in Nanjing.

2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。

They must have finished their tasks.

[例2] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.

[练2] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Fast food_______ (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”

宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。

1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)

Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语；advice为直接宾语)

2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)

Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语；“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语)

[例3] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.

[练3] (2017·江苏高考改编)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to D|S20, half of ________it used to charge.

四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色

表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等，一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。

[例4] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.

[练4]  (2014·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)The teachers here are kind and helpfully.

五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵

修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。

[例5] (2017·浙江高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.

[练5] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.

六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。

状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。

高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。

[例6] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

[练6] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)It is _________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.

七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人”

补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。

[例7] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!

[练7] (2015·浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _______(perform) live is quite another.

八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是显露原形

一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用，这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。

[例8] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.

[练8] (2018·济宁一模短文改错)Mr. Johnson cares for us student very much.

                                                     

Ⅰ.单句改错并说明理由(从句子成分角度分析)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.

5．(2015·浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

语法奠基课二　依据句子成分，学会分析长难句

一、长难句的常见形式

1．复合句

这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。

[例1] What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．

[例2] Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.

2．分隔结构

为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语意严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。

[例3] The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者)．

3．成分省略

在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。

[例4] I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.

4．改变语序

改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。